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Celebrating 100 years of discoveries for humanity
Institute researchers have been behind such groundbreaking discoveries as CSFs, hormones that boost infection-fighting white blood cells, which have helped more than 20 million cancer patients recover from chemotherapy and revolutionised bone marrow transplantation.
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Understanding the immune system
Our history in immunology reaches back to the research instigated by Burnet, which culminated in the presentation of a Nobel Prize. We have continued to expand our knowledge of the immune system, to understand how it functions in relation to cancer and disease.
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Treating immune disorders
Burnet’s ‘clonal selection theory’ changed our understanding of immunity and how the immune response damages the body. Autoimmunity is now accepted as the cause of diseases such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. Treatments pioneered in the 70s are still being used today.
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Studying infectious diseases
Our virology focus began with the psittacosis virus, Q fever and influenza, pioneering the use of hen’s eggs to grow and study the viruses. Virology moved into infectious disease research to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases.
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People behind the science
Medical science depends on a collaborative network of professionals; each scientist and team has a role to play. Our scientists have been celebrated for their endeavours on the world stage, and famed for their contributions to enhancing the institute’s working environment.
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Institute life
Our staff and students are dedicated, whether it is taking a pay cut during financial difficulty or undertaking dangerous lab work. We are also an organisation that strives to achieve gender equity and foster scientific integrity.
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Inspiring the community
What inspires a stockbroker, teacher, chief executive, real estate agent, nurse or accountant to not only contribute to the institute, but also participate in our committees, board and activities?
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Eliminating malaria
The mosquito-borne Plasmodium parasite infects about 250 million people each year, killing more than 800,000 people annually. Our scientists have built multi-disciplinary teams, across different countries, to develop vaccines and drugs to eliminate malaria.
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CSFs: improving 20 million lives
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) stimulate production of white blood cells and provide life-saving protection against infection. People have used CSFs treatments to help recover from chemotherapy; as part of a blood stem cell transplant; or as treatment for other chronic conditions.
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Controlling cell death
It used to be thought that cancer was due to the creation of too many cells; our discovery of Bcl-2 found some cancers are due to the opposite process. Rather than stimulating cell division, Bcl-2 was found to stop cells from being able to kill themselves – an inhibitor of apoptosis.
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Contributions to society
We are an innovative organisation that engages and enriches society. The institute was integral to the introduction of Australia’s blood bank, generated anti-venoms, participated in the war effort and contributes to Australian reconciliation
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Conquering cancer
Progress in the field of cancer research has generated a vastly improved outlook in many cancers. Our research initially focused on cancers of the immune system, such as leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma, before expanding to include breast, ovarian, bowel, stomach, lung and rare cancers.
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Building Australian medical research
We are at the forefront of Australia’s emerging scientific technologies and trends. We have helped to build Australia’s research capacity, providing an environment that improves health outcomes through discovery, translation and education
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2010s
Clinical trials of an anti-cancer drug for leukaemia begin, after 25 years of Bcl-2 research. The first genetically attenuated antimalarial vaccine enters clinical trials, and researchers develop a potential cure for hepatitis B.
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2000s
Breast stem cells are discovered, changing our understanding of the origins of breast cancer. Researchers identify the toxic proteins causing coeliac disease, and the DIABLO protein is identified, leading to new anticancer drugs.
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1990s
CSFs are approved for use as a therapy for cancer patients, the culmination of 25 years work. Blocking programmed cell death is found to trigger development of autoimmune disease, and the first genetically modified malaria parasite is created.
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1980s
The CSFs story gathers momentum and a new malaria vaccine program leads to clinical trials. In 1988 scientists discover the BCL-2 gene holds the key to cancer cell death.
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1970s
Australia’s first fully equipped genetic engineering laboratory is established. Ian Mackay pioneers treatments for autoimmune disease that are still widely used today.
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1960s
Burnet wins the Nobel Prize. Institute researchers propose the radical theory of autoimmunity, and Jacques Miller, who identified the function of the thymus, drives another major immune discovery.
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1950s
Burnet wins the Nobel Prize. Institute researchers propose the radical theory of autoimmunity, and Jacques Miller, who identified the function of the thymus, drives another major immune discovery.
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1940s
Researchers identify a new agent of allergic reactions, and the first references to Burnet’s Nobel Prize-winning theory are published. The institute mourns the loss of Dora Lush following a fatal laboratory accident.
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1930s
A new research program delivers the first snake bite antivenom, and Burnet pioneers the use of hen eggs to grow and study viruses. With the outbreak of World War II the institute’s activities shift to a wartime footing.
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1920s
Our cancer research effort begins. Investigative work after the Bundaberg disaster vindicates vaccination, and Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet embarks on his research career.
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1910s
The institute is established, a Gallipoli tragedy claims the director designate, and the first members of staff are appointed
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2012
2012 •
Seduced by science, Glenn Begley caught the research bug and hasn’t been able to leave since.
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1912
1912 •
Eliza Hall creates a charitable trust in honour of her late husband, Walter
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1914
1914 •
Richard Casey and Harry Allen form an unlikely alliance to establish a medical research institute.
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1915
1915 •
Our director-designate is mortally wounded at Gallipoli.
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1915
1915 •
How a world-class medical research facility is created by the Walter and Eliza Hall Trust.
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1916
1916 •
Institute laboratories are built in the Melbourne Hospital, corner of Lonsdale and Swanston Streets.
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1917
1917 •
Commonwealth Serum Laboratories are formed and housed at the institute, responding to wartime needs.
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1919
1919 •
Neil Hamilton Fairley is appointed first assistant director of the institute.
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1919
1919 •
Fannie Williams becomes one of the first three members of the institute staff.
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1919
1919 •
Sydney Patterson becomes the first director of the institute.
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1920
1920 •
Antibody test developed to diagnose tapeworm infections.
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1923
1923 •
Charles Kellaway becomes director, steering the institute through the Great Depression.
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1923
1923 •
Marion Boyd Wanliss joins the cancer research effort.
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1923
1923 •
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet begins his research career.
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1924
1924 •
The bequest of a dynamic reformer and liberalist establishes a scientific library at the institute.
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1927
1927 •
Pancreas is able to regenerate following partial removal.
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1928
1928 •
Kellaway heads investigation into the Bundaberg disaster in which 12 children died after vaccination
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1928
1928 •
First major survey of disease affecting Melbourne’s livestock.
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1928
1928 •
Australian Government Department of Health provides an initial £2500 research grant.
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1929
1929 •
First steps into cancer research to investigate development, diagnosis and treatment.
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1929
1929 •
Studies confirm bacteriophages are caused by viruses and reveal how they multiply.
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1929
1929 •
Working with Aboriginal communities, Dr Thomson's knowledge of snakes led to antivenom production.
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1930
1930 •
Developing Australia’s first commercially available snakebite antivenom.
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1931
1931 •
Staff take a pay cut to reduce costs during the Depression.
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1931
1931 •
Multiple strains of the polio virus discovered, an early step towards the Salk vaccine.
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1932
1932 •
A Sunday ritual for Burnet’s children
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1934
1934 •
Veterans of two wars making their mark on medical research.
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1934
1934 •
Surviving the Great Depression with Australian Government grants and donor support.
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1934
1934 •
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet begins to refine the method of growing viruses in hens’ eggs.
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1935
1935 •
Burnet discovers the bacterium, later named in his honour, which causes potentially fatal Q fever.
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1936
1936 •
Burnet pioneers technique of growing influenza in chick eggs, still used today to make flu vaccines.
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1936
1936 •
Burnet warns of potential risks to humans of psittacosis, but eventually agrees risk is small.
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1937
1937 •
The NHMRC is established, initially focusing on medical research, with a £30,000 allocation.
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1938
1938 •
Dr Margaret Holmes joins the institute
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1939
1939 •
The institute joins forces with the Red Cross to provide wartime blood transfusion services.
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1939
1939 •
A snapshot of the institute in 1939, as described by Macfarlane Burnet.
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1939
1939 •
Assisting the war effort ‘in every possible way
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1940
1940 •
Damaged cells alert the immune system by releasing anaphylaxis, a pro-inflammatory molecule.
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1940
1940 •
Polio virus is found to infect the body by the mouth and not the nose.
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1941
1941 •
Work on a viable vaccine for influenza leads to trials of a 'live' vaccine.
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1942
1942 •
Burnet becomes infected while studying a chicken virus, advances understanding of the disease.
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1943
1943 •
Miss Dora Lush dies from an accidental needle prick injury, while researching scrub typhus.
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1944
1944 •
The Clinical Research Unit is established; Melbourne’s horse racing clubs donate funds for wards.
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1944
1944 •
The beginning of the Parkville medical research precinct.
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1944
1944 •
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet becomes the third institute director.
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1946
1946 •
Isolating strains of the mumps virus leads to vaccine development.
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1949
1949 •
Publication of Burnet’s first mention of his Nobel Prize-winning immune tolerance theory.
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1949
1949 •
First flexible gastric biopsy tube created, greatly improving disease diagnosis.
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1949
1949 •
Burnet and Patricia Lind show that flu viruses can exchange genetic material and create new strains.
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1951
1951 •
A mysterious disease outbreak in Victoria claimed 17 lives – nine of them children
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1951
1951 •
Burnet injects himself with myxomatosis, to prove it does not pose a danger to humans.
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1952
1952 •
Burnet wins prestigious Lasker Award
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1953
1953 •
Ada discovers influenza is an RNA virus, explaining how flu mutates and escapes immune detection.
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1954
1954 •
Cancer Council and institute collaboration produces a defining research legacy.
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1954
1954 •
Dr Heather Donald joins the staff, and uses electron microscopy to study influenza virus.
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1954
1954 •
Don Metcalf joins the institute. His discovery of CSFs leads to treatment for 20 million patients.
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1955
1955 •
Ian Mackay, future pioneer of autoimmunity and treating autoimmune disease, joins the institute.
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1955
1955 •
Joske and King provide first evidence that some types of chronic liver disease might be autoimmune.
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1956
1956 •
Mackay and Gadjusek develop a test to diagnose an autoimmune disease that destroys the liver.
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1957
1957 •
Discovery of neuraminidase – a key flu molecule – critical for later development of anti-flu
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1957
1957 •
Gus Nossal starts at the institute, changing his research focus from virology to immunology.
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1957
1957 •
Burnet’s clonal selection theory of immune system development creates a revolution in immunology.
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1957
1957 •
Burnet switches the institute’s research focus from viruses to the immune system.
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1958
1958 •
Gus Nossal and Joshua Lederberg show a single immune cell can only make a single type of antibody.
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1960
1960 •
Burnet wins the Nobel Prize, for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
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1962
1962 •
Mackay and Burnet publish first book on the radical theory of autoimmunity.
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1963
1963 •
Defining legacy of Andrew Grimwade’s adventurous and entrepreneurial contributions.
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1963
1963 •
Nossal and Ada discover antigen-presenting cells that stimulate antibodies and drive immune memory.
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1965
1965 •
Sir Gustav Nossal becomes the institute’s fourth director.
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1965
1965 •
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet retires after 21 years as director of the institute.
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1966
1966 •
The beginning of the scientific journey that led to the CSFs discovery.
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1966
1966 •
The Clinical Research Unit identifies cell markers for autoimmune hepatitis and other diseases.
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1966
1966 •
Burnet and Holmes provide evidence for treating autoimmune diseases with immune-suppressing drugs.
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1966
1966 •
Thymus pioneer Jacques Miller joins the institute, continuing research at the core of immunology.
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1966
1966 •
Thymus ‘graveyard’ discovery provides early clue into how the body deals with self-reactive
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1966
1966 •
Ian Mackay pioneers treatment of autoimmune disease with immunosuppressive drugs.
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1968
1968 •
CSFs unique behaviour surprises researchers, who find they are produced by almost every tissue.
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1968
1968 •
Scientists discover T and B cells and how they collaborate to make antibody; critical for immunity.
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1971
1971 •
We discover chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a cancer of B cells.
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1971
1971 •
Suzanne Cory and Jerry Adams establish molecular biology research in Australia.
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1973
1973 •
Graham Mitchell enables institute scientists “to go where the parasites actually are”.
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1973
1973 •
The Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Laboratories, Australia’s first pathogen-free facility.
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1973
1973 •
First evidence that some types of chronic gastritis are autoimmune, and others possibly bacterial.
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1974
1974 •
Ora Bernard joins the institute, contributing to significant cancer-related gene discoveries.
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1975
1975 •
Discovery of RNA cap explains important step in protein production.
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1976
1976 •
Adams and Cory establish Australia’s first fully equipped genetic engineering laboratory.
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1977
1977 •
Flow cytometer technology advances understanding of cells.
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1977
1977 •
Gustav Nossal is knighted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.
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1977
1977 •
After 11 years of painstaking work, the first colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF, is purified.
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1978
1978 •
The world’s first neuro-immunology lab is established at the institute, headed by Perry Bartlett.
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1978
1978 •
Eddie Brownstein establishes the Drakensberg Trust, funding our research for decades to come.
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1979
1979 •
Malaria is grown in a petri dish, allowing study of parasite lifecycle outside infected individuals.
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1979
1979 •
First use of monoclonal antibodies to advance parasitic infection diagnosis
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1980
1980 •
Cory and Adams explain how immune cells ‘lose’ DNA to make the right antibody.
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1981
1981 •
Critical new tools for medical research introduced to Australia by Alan Harris.
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1983
1983 •
We discover that cancer can be caused by DNA rearrangements involving the MYC gene.
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1983
1983 •
Nick Nicola and colleagues purify G-CSF, leading to treatment that has helped 20 million people.
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1983
1983 •
Malaria researchers develop a tool to recreate vast numbers of parasite proteins.
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1984
1984 •
Anne Kelso’s T-cell prowess helps in the quest to clone GM-CSF.
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1984
1984 •
Collaborative effort sees CSFs successfully cloned, critical for making enough to try as a therapy.
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1985
1985 •
Rapidly expanding labs and facilities require a new building.
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1985
1985 •
The coat of the Leishmania parasite is found to be a potential target for vaccine development.
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1985
1985 •
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet dies
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1986
1986 •
Dr Margaret Brumby becomes the institute's general manager.
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1986
1986 •
First evidence that CSFs could be used to treat patients by boosting infection-fighting blood cells.
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1986
1986 •
Andrew Boyd's research spans immune processes, neurology, and leads to clinical trials for leukaemia
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1987
1987 •
Scientists devise tools to predict your risk of developing diabetes, in a bid to prevent the disease
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1987
1987 •
Our discovery of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) yields unexpected benefits to stem cell research.
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1987
1987 •
Len Harrison has devoted his career to understanding type 1 diabetes – so he can defeat it.
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1988
1988 •
Autoantibodies targeting mitochondria are observed in liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis.
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1988
1988 •
A gene that stops cells from dying creates a revolution in understanding and treating cancer.
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1988
1988 •
A technique for purifying bacterial proteins in one step is invented, changing research practices.
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1989
1989 •
Inspiring young people to take up careers in science, technology and medical research.
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1989
1989 •
A zeal for inquiry leads from platelet research to harnessing new genetic technologies.
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1990
1990 •
Researchers discover how malaria parasites become drug resistant.
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1991
1991 •
Blocking the cell death of immune cells can lead to autoimmune disease.
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1991
1991 •
CSFs are approved for the clinic, the culmination of 25 years work discovering and purifying CSFs.
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1991
1991 •
Malaria parasites hide from the immune system by changing molecules on the red blood cell surface.
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1991
1991 •
A new collaboration to tackle type 1 diabetes
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1992
1992 •
Professor Perry Bartlett discovers adult brains can create new neurons.
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1993
1993 •
Professor Don Metcalf receives the ‘Oscars’ of science for his work into CSFs.
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1993
1993 •
Louis Schofield proves a 100 year-old hypothesis: that the malaria parasite contains a toxin.
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1994
1994 •
Understanding how white blood cells develop to manipulate the generation process.
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1995
1995 •
A curious scientist, creative artist and computer geek, Drew Berry, biomedical animator.
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1996
1996 •
Suzanne Cory becomes the institute’s fifth director.
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1996
1996 •
Insulin ‘spray’ can stop diabetes in mice genetically fated to develop the disease.
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1996
1996 •
The institute honours three remarkable scientists on their retirement.
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1996
1996 •
Researchers discover a family of proteins in humans that can reduce the death of cells.
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1996
1996 •
Institute scientists succeed in creating the first genetically altered malaria parasite.
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1997
1997 •
Scientists track ‘memory’ B cells – responsible for lifelong immunity – to the bone marrow.
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1997
1997 •
Hilton and Starr discover a set of molecular ‘stop’ signals responsible for switching off cell
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1997
1997 •
Insulin identified as key driver of type 1 diabetes, kicking off a search for a preventive vaccine.
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1998
1998 •
Discovery of BIM protein leads to better understanding of how cell death is controlled.
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1998
1998 •
Terry Speed loves biology but is ‘a disaster in the lab’, so he focused on maths and stats.
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1999
1999 •
New protein that antagonises inhibitor of apoptosis proteins found to trigger the death of cells.
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2000
2000 •
The Bundoora campus provides facilities for drug and vaccine development, studying disease genetics.
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2000
2000 •
Instead of supporting a football team, Pauline Speedy and Jenny Tatchell barrack for science.
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2000
2000 •
Structural biology brings a new way of looking at proteins, leading to breakthroughs in cell death.
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2001
2001 •
Isolation of stem cells from the adult brain gives hope for repairing brain injury.
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2002
2002 •
A prototype anti-toxic vaccine against malaria is identified.
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2002
2002 •
Tony Burgess is using his expertise to develop treatments that could prevent colon cancer.
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2003
2003 •
John T Reid Charitable Trusts take up the challenge to fund research to benefit future generations.
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2003
2003 •
Dynamic cancer cells, always collecting new mutations, change the way cancer responds to treatment.
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2003
2003 •
Mutated red blood cell protein provides natural protection against malaria in Papua New Guinea.
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2005
2005 •
The deadliest form of malaria has up to 60 ways of hiding itself from its host's immune defences.
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2005
2005 •
Looking for clues to develop effective malaria vaccines in the field.
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2006
2006 •
Encouraging young scientists working in a range of diseases – from cancer to malaria.
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2006
2006 •
BH3-mimetics, drugs that block pro-survival proteins such as BCL-2, are shown to kill cancer cells.
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2006
2006 •
Breast stem cells are discovered, a landmark finding that helps trace the origins of breast cancer.
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2007
2007 •
A molecular clock controls the lifespan of platelets in the blood.
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2008
2008 •
Anderson and Tye-Din identify the ‘toxic trio’ responsible for causing coeliac disease.
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2008
2008 •
Craven and Shearer Award recognises two women who have been long time supporters.
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2009
2009 •
Stem cell daughters are identified as the origin of cancer for women with hereditary breast cancers.
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2009
2009 •
Doug Hilton becomes the institute’s sixth director
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2010
2010 •
A mentor for young scientists and a champion of women in the laboratory.
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2010
2010 •
Scientists find the key to survival of memory B cells, which are essential for lifelong immunity.
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2010
2010 •
Cells that protect nerves are the origin of transmissible cancers devastating wild Tasmanian devils.
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2010
2010 •
A key protein used by the malaria parasite to ensure its survival is identified.
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2010
2010 •
A very personal motivation in the search for the cause, and cure, of MS.
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2010
2010 •
A successful career in stockbroking, an interest in medical research and a philanthropic nature.
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2010
2010 •
Matthew and Melissa Call join the institute to lead a collaborative laboratory.
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2011
2011 •
First human evidence that nasal vaccine could prevent type 1 diabetes.
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2011
2011 •
Gates Foundation supports malaria research.
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2011
2011 •
Clinical trials of an anti-cancer drug for leukaemia begin, vindicating 25 years of Bcl-2 research.
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2011
2011 •
Clare Scott starts the institute’s first ovarian cancer research laboratory
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2011
2011 •
Understanding how platelets form paves way to maintain platelet numbers.
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2012
2012 •
High-class medical research requires first class infrastructure and equipment.
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2012
2012 •
Robust, hands-on philanthropy, what are the outcomes for the donor and the science?
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2012
2012 •
In a major ‘cell fate’ shake-up, scientists show cells have some control over their own destiny.
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2012
2012 •
PhD student Sofonias Tessema searches for a new vaccine target to eliminate malaria.
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2012
2012 •
By 2012, 20 million people worldwide have been treated with CSFs for cancers and other diseases
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2012
2012 •
Developing a blood test for bowel cancer screening.
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2012
2012 •
The institute builds a high-containment insectary for studying malaria infection
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2013
2013 •
Landmark discovery about how insulin docks on cells could lead to improved drugs for diabetes.
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2013
2013 •
Trial results bring high hopes for advanced leukaemia
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2013
2013 •
Jane Hemstritch uses business expertise and scientific knowledge to contribute to the institute.
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2013
2013 •
Bev Gray Cancer Research Scholarship is established to support ovarian cancer researchers.
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2013
2013 •
The first genetically attenuated antimalarial vaccine goes to human clinical trials.
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2013
2013 •
Malaria parasites found to ‘talk’ to each other, ensuring their survival.
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2014
2014 •
Partnership with the Australian Cancer Research Foundation improves treatments for cancer patients.
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2014
2014 •
Extraordinary people contribute to research, including patient advocate Avis Macphee.
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2014
2014 •
Scientists are able to predict for the first time the size of an immune response to infection.
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2014
2014 •
Don Metcalf dies, ending an extraordinary career in cancer research.
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2014
2014 •
Shirley Cuff Cancer Research Foundation helps find potential biomarkers for personalised treatments.
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2014
2014 •
Working towards ‘closing the gap’ in life expectancy, disease incidence and mortality.
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2014
2014 •
Researchers develop a drug-like compound that blocks a key malaria enzyme, killing the parasite.
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2014
2014 •
A potential cure for hepatitis B using anti-cancer drugs.
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2014
2014 •
Discovering how breast stem cells function reveals how they can contribute to breast cancer.
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2014
2014 •
Researchers identify cytokine interleukin-11 as a potential new target for anti-cancer therapies.
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2014
2014 •
GM-CSF, which plays a critical role in rheumatoid arthritis, provides key to new treatments.
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2014
2014 •
Critical discovery about a gene involved in muscular dystrophy could lead to future therapies.
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2015
2015 •
The institute celebrates its centenary.
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